Child Development Theories

Child Development Theories

Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occurs during childhood and adolescence.

Interest in the field of child development finally began to emerge early in the 20th-century, but it tended to focus on abnormal behavior. Eventually, researchers became increasingly interested in other topics including typical child development as well as the influences on development.

An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early

DEPRESSION PART III

DEPRESSION PART III

What are the causes of depression?

Some types of depression run in families, indicating that a biological vulnerability to depression can be inherited. This seems to be the case, especially with bipolar disorder. Families in which members of each generation develop bipolar disorder have been studied. The investigators found that those with the illness have a somewhat different genetic makeup than those who do not become ill. However, the reverse is not true. That is, not everybody with the genetic makeup that causes vulnerability to bipolar disorder will develop the illness. Apparently, additional factors, possibly a stressful environment, are involved in its onset and protective factors are involved in its prevention.

Major depression also seems to occur in generation after generation in some families, although not as strongly as in bipolar I or II. Indeed, major depression can also occur in people who have no family history of depression.

DEPRESSION PART II

DEPRESSION PART II

Depression symptoms and signs in teenagers

In addition to becoming more irritable, teens might lose interest in activities they formerly enjoyed, experience a change in their weight, and start abusing substances. They may also take more risks, show less concern for their safety, and they are more likely to complete suicide than their younger counterparts when depressed. Generally a condition in adolescents, acne increases the risk of depression in teens.

Depression

Depression

 

Depressive disorders have been with mankind since the beginning of recorded history. In the Bible, King David, as well as Job, suffered from this affliction. Hippocrates referred to depression as melancholia, which literally means black bile. Black bile, along with blood, phlegm, and yellow bile were the four humors (fluids) that described the basic medical physiology theory of that time. Depression, also referred to as clinical depression, has been portrayed in literature and the arts for hundreds of years, but what do we mean today when we refer to a depressive disorder? In the 19th century, depression was seen as an inherited weakness of temperament. In the first half of the 20th century, Freud linked the development of depression to guilt and conflict. John Cheever, the author and a modern sufferer of depressive disorder, wrote of conflict and experiences with his parents as influencing his development of depression.

Sleep Makes Your Memories Stronger

Sleep Makes Your Memories Stronger, and Helps With Creativity

 "Sleep is making memories stronger," says Jessica D. Payne of the University of Notre Dame, who co-wrote the review with Elizabeth A. Kensinger of Boston College. "It also seems to be doing something which I think is so much more interesting, and that is reorganizing and restructuring memories."

Payne and Kensinger study what happens to memories during sleep, and they have found that a person tends to hang on to the most emotional part of a memory. For example, if someone is shown a scene with an

Dreaming Takes the Sting out of Painful Memories

Dreaming Takes the Sting out of Painful Memories

UC Berkeley researchers have found that during the dream phase of sleep, also known as REM sleep, our stress chemistry shuts down and the brain processes emotional experiences and takes the edge off difficult memories.

The findings offer a compelling explanation for why people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as war veterans, have a hard time recovering from distressing experiences and suffer reoccurring nightmares. They also offer clues into why we dream.

Magical Thinking

Magical Thinking
How to avoid an insidious thought error

One of my patients suffers from chronic constipation due to irritable bowel syndrome. During the literally twenty years since she was first diagnosed, her symptom pattern has remained remarkably consistent: she has perhaps 1-2 bowel movements per week, occasionally accompanied by some mild cramping. Even she admits the symptoms are more a bother than a worry. And yet, every time I prescribe a new medicine for one of her other ailments, within a day or two she calls me up complaining that it's causing her to become constipated. When I ask if she means that while on the new medicine she has fewer bowel movements or more abdominal pain, her answer is always no.

Psychology

Psychology

Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases.For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society.In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social scientist, behavioral scientist, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological

Orang Indo

Orang Indo

                            Orang atau kaum Indo (singkatan dari nama dalam bahasa Belanda, Indo-Europeaan, "Eropa-Hindia") adalah kelompok etnik yang ada (atau pernah ada) di Hindia-Belanda/Indonesia dan sekarang menjadi kelompok etnik minoritas terbesar di Belanda. Kelompok etnis ini dicirikan dari kesamaan asal-usul rasial, status legal, dan kultural. Kaum Indo merupakan keturunan campuran antara orang dari etnik tertentu di Eropa (terutama Belanda, tetapi juga Jerman, Belgia, dan Prancis/Huguenot) dengan ciri ras Kaukasoid dan orang dari etnik non-Eropa tertentu di Hindia-Belanda/Indonesia. Secara hukum, sebagian besar berstatus sebagai warga Eropa di Hindia-Belanda (Europeanen). Mereka menjunjung nilai-nilai budaya Eropa (terutama Belanda) dengan banyak pengaruh lokal Indonesia pada derajat tertentu dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari. Meskipun demikian, ke dalam kelompok etnik ini dimasukkan pula orang Eropa yang datang dan menetap cukup lama di tanah

MOTIVASI

MOTIVASI

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Motivasi adalah proses yang menjelaskan intensitas, arah, dan ketekunan seorang individu untuk mencapai tujuannya.Tiga elemen utama dalam definisi ini adalah intensitas, arah, dan ketekunan

Dalam hubungan antara motivasi dan intensitas, intensitas terkait dengan dengan seberapa giat seseorang berusaha, tetapi intensitas tinggi tidak menghasilkan prestasi kerja yang memuaskan kecuali upaya tersebut dikaitkan dengan arah yang menguntungkan organisasi. Sebaliknya elemen yang terakhir, ketekunan, merupakan ukuran mengenai berapa lama seseorang dapat mempertahankan usahanya.